and we see this in the forms of high trade deficits and decreasing as opposed to increasing diversification of the export structure. so why has this been so hard to change? many of the things i've talked about are recognized going back years and years. um, well, reform is very costly. so there's this kind of j curve of reform where when you try to remove subsidies, the industry you have is going to get hurt, and can it's going to be a few years before the new industry develops. and these people are organized to want to keep those subsidies in place. so reform is very costly in the short run. so the biggest challenge is how can government respond to get the long run growth without hurting the short run? so there are some short run things that can be done in order to make the longer run reforms that are necessary more palatable. and one of these is we need to see more avoidance of backsliding. so the first response, and i think this was mentioned in the previous panel, after the arab spring begun was to increase public sector wages and to raise subsidies, when these are precisely the things t